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Belugas to Butterflies Plagued by Harmful Chemicals

Click here for the interactive map
Important notes:
- Only a subset of animals in a few regions have been studied for specific flame retardants.
- This map shows a selection of peer-reviewed studies; many more exist.
- Flame retardants are used to meet flammability standards which often do not provide meaningful fire-safety benefitsand can be influenced by flame retardant manufacturers.
- Wildlife & humans are exposed to flame retardants from air, water, & food; see observed health harms below.
- This exposure can continue decades after a specific flame retardant is phased out due to its persistent, mobile, bioaccumulative, & toxic properties.
- Flame retardants should be used only after their lack of health harm and value in preventing fires have been demonstrated.
A Selection of Health Effects of Flame Retardants in Wildlife
Flame Retardant |
Animal |
Health Impact |
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) |
Killer Whales |
Estimated to threaten long-term viability of >50% global killer whale population |
|
River Otters |
Associated with changes in thyroid & sex hormone levels |
|
Polar Bears |
Associated with changes in thyroid hormone levels |
|
Beluga Whales |
Altered vitamin A and E profiles |
|
Ringed Seals |
Impacted health-related gene transcription |
|
Killer Whales |
Altered gene transcription |
PBDEs |
American Kestrels |
Lowered reproductive success, less copulation & pair bonding |
|
Sea Lions |
Associated with urogenital cancer |
|
Chinook Salmon |
Increased infectious disease susceptibility |
|
Mice |
Decreased thyroid hormone concentrations |
|
Polar Bears |
Associated with changes in thyroid hormone levels |
Chlorinated paraffins |
Rainbow Trout |
Diminished startle response, loss of equilibrium, liver lesions (SCCPs, MCPPs) |
|
Zebrafish |
Altered thyroid hormone levels (SCCPs) |
|
American Kestrels |
Reduced thyroid hormones (SCCPs) |
Other halogenated FRs |
American Kestrels |
Likely obesogenic (DBE-DBCH) |
|
|
Reduced vocalization, courtship, egg mass, & male parental behavior (HBCD) |
|
|
Thyroid disruption, oxidative stress, altered heart & brain mass (EHTBB, TBPH) |
Organophosphate FRs |
Rats and Mice |
Increased liver and kidney tumors (TCPP) |
|
Japanese Quail |
Thyroidal effects, suppressed growth, reduced metabolic rate (TPhP) |
|
Zebrafish |
Altered motility & anxiety-related behavior (IPP, BPDP, EHDP) |
|
Mice |
Oxidative stress & endocrine disruption, e.g. decreased testosterone (TCEP, TPP) |
|
Zebrafish |
Altered hormone levels, decreased egg production, & malformation (TDCPP) |
The above health impacts are just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to health harms experienced by wildlife due to the use of flame retardant chemicals in products before safety and efficacy are demonstrated.
Flame retardants also cause health harm in humans, including:
- Endocrine disruption
- Neurodevelopmental effects
- Decreased fertility
- Some cancers
Learn more about flame retardants at SixClasses.org and reducing exposure here.

If you’d like to suggest a new study that could be added to our selection of points, email it to [email protected].
Map designed and produced by Maddie Dolan.
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Featured image is from Green Science Policy